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Die Heilige Krone von Ungarn, Szent Korona.
Szent Korona DIE UNGARISCHE HEILIGE KRONE. Vorderansicht. Die Heilige Krone von Ungarn (ungarisch: Szent Korona, lateinisch: Sacra Corona), auch bekannt als hl. Stephanskrone, benannt zu Ehren des Heiligen Stephans I. von Ungarn (ungar. Szent István), war die Krönungskrone, die das Königreich Ungarn während der meisten Zeit seines Bestehens verwendete; Könige wurden seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert mit ihr gekrönt.
Die Krone symbolisierte die Autorität des Königs über die Länder der ungarischen Krone (das Karpatenbecken) und war ein wichtiges Legitimationsmerkmal. In der Geschichte Ungarns wurden mehr als fünfzig Könige mit der Krone gekrönt, bis 1916 der letzte König Karl IV. Die einzigen Könige, die nicht damit gekrönt wurden, waren Wladyslaw I., Johann Sigismund Zápolya und Joseph II.
Die in Zellenemail ausgeführten Bilder der einander kreuzenden, oberen Querbänder stammen von der Krone, die Papst Silvester II. um das Jahr 1000 König Stefan dem Heiligen gesendet hat; die untere offene Krone ist ein Geschenk des byzantinischen Kaiser Michael VII. Dukas (1071 — 1078) an König Geza I. — Die Krone wird im Ofener Königsschloss aufbewahrt.
Die ungarische Königskrone (hl. Stephanskrone) Rückansicht. DIE UNGARISCHE HEILIGE KRONE. Rückansicht.
Den würdigsten Ausdruck dieses innigen Bündnisses zwischen Königtum und Religion, Staat und Kirche bildet die ungarische heilige Krone, für die bei der Millenniumsfeier ein besonderer Huldigungsfestzug und förmlich eine besondere historische Ausstellung veranstaltet wurde. Die an der Krone befindlichen Symbole der teuersten Ideen der christlichen Religion sollen jenes edle Haupt heiligen, welches zur Herrschaft über die Nation berufen wird. Diese Idee des christlichen, ungarischen Königtums, welche in der Krone Verkörperung gefunden hat, stammt, sowie jenes heilige Schmuckstück selbst, aus dem Jahrhunderte des Heiligen Stefan und des Heiligen Ladislaus.
Aber auch noch eine andere Bedeutung hat die Krone für uns. Während der obere kreuzförmige Teil an Rom erinnert, dass damals der eigentliche Führer des Westens zu werden begann, weist der untere Teil gen Osten, nach der Stadt des Konstantin. Und das charakterisiert die Stellung, welche unsere Nation zwischen West und Ost einnimmt, wie sie ewig gleichmässig nach den beiden Weltrichtungen hin ausblickt, wie sie die westliche Zivilisation gegen die Angriffe des Ostens repräsentiert und verteidigt und nach Gelegenheit und Notwendigkeit beiderseits vermittelt.
Diese Aufgabe, welche sie später, Jahrhunderte lang, um den Preis vielen Blutes, heldenhaft und ausdauernd erfüllte, stellte sich ihr aber auch schon kurz nach der Annahme des Christentums entgegen. Der legendäre Held und Heilige und Repräsentant des ungarischen Rittertums, der Herzog und spätere König Ladislaus lässt schon die heidnischen Kumanen und Petschenegen, die uralten Gegner des Ungartums, die Gewalt des neuen ungarischen Königtums fühlen, macht dieselben bald ansässig und verschmilzt sie mit der Nation (1070—1095).
Aber auch daran erinnert jenes heilige Symbol, dass eben aus dem Westen, woher die Segnungen des Christentums und der Zivilisation kamen, auch die Gefahr der Abhängigkeit und des unterjocht Werdens drohte. Während der Thronstreitigkeiten im XI. Jahrhunderte will das deutsche Kaisertum Ungarn zu einem deutschen und das Papsttum es zu einem päpstlichen Vasallenland machen. Und das Erstere gelingt auch für kurze Zeit. So wie aber Nation und Königtum sich aneinander schliessen, ist die Unabhängigkeit Ungarns gesichert. Später, während der Thronstreitigkeiten im XII. Jahrhunderte, wiederholt sich diese Gefahr von Seite des griechischen Kaisertums. Aber die vielfachen Angriffe und Intrigen des mächtigen griechischen Kaisers Manuel Komnen bleiben erfolglos, Ungarn bleibt selbstständig.
Quelle : Die historischen Denkmäler Ungarns in der 1896er Millenniums-Landesausstellung redigiert von Béla Czobor und Imre Szalay (1846-1917). Budapest-Wien: M. Gerlach, 1897.
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world4.info 2023-01-17 18:43:15 2024-06-16 17:29:16 Die Heilige Krone von Ungarn, Szent Korona.
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