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Sparta. Bedeutender griechischer Stadtstaat der Antike.
Sparta. Sparta. Sparta war ein bedeutender Stadtstaat im antiken Griechenland, der unter dem Namen Lacedaemon (Lakedaímōn) bekannt war, während sich der Name Sparta auf seine Hauptsiedlung am Ufer des Flusses Eurotas in Lakonien, im Südosten des Peloponnes, bezog. Um 650 v. Chr. stieg es zur dominierenden militärischen Landmacht im antiken Griechenland auf.
Sparta, auf dem rechten Ufer des Eurotas und den äussersten Abhängen des Taygetusgebirgs gelegen, war aus einer Gruppe älterer Niederlassungen entstanden, die, da sie teils in der Niederung, teils auf Hügeln lagen, den genaueren Zusammenhang der einzelnen Teile und die Anlegung gerader Strassen verhinderten, und so bestand die Stadt eigentlich aus 5 Gemeinden: Ägidä, Kynosura, Mesoa, Limnä und Pitane. Die beiden letzteren lagen in der Eurotas-Niederung. Die nahezu halbzirkelförmig angelegte Stadt hatte keine eigentliche Akropolis, sondern einer der steileren Hügel, der nach Pausanias keinen Vergleich mit den Akropolen des übrigen Griechenlands aushalten konnte, führte diesen Namen.
Das wichtigste der Burgheiligtümer war der durch den Baumeister Gitiades erbaute Tempel der Athene Poliuchos oder Chalkiökos, der Schutzgöttin des dorischen Sparta. Pfosten und Wände des Tempels waren dicht mit Metall belegt, so dass das Ganze wie aus Erz gebaut aussah. Auf den Erzplatten waren in erhabener Arbeit die Taten des Herakles, der Dioskuren und andrer Gottheiten abgebildet. Der Tempel selbst lag in einem ansehnlichen mit Säulenhallen umgebenen Hof, der noch verschiedene andere Heiligtümer umschloss. Unter den Standbildern, welche die Ostseite des Tempels schmückten, wird namentlich das des Königs Pausanias erwähnt, der zur Sühne dafür, dass er im Tempelhof den Hungertod starb, auf Befehl des Pythischen Gottes dort in Erz aufgestellt werden musste.
Der Spartanische Markt, der in dem schönsten Stadtteil Pitane lag, war ein grosser und sehr ansehnlicher Platz, der noch in der Kaiserzeit die Form hellenischer Markt-Anlagen zeigte, und von dem der Schriftsteller Pausanias sagt, dass er „der Mühe wert sei, gesehen zu werden.“ Er war der Mittelpunkt des Verkehrs und der Sitz der Behörden. Hier stand das Rathaus, in dem die Gerusia tagte, und hier hatten die Ephoren und Bidiäer (die obrigkeitlichen Jugendaufseher) ihre Versammlungsorte und Archive.
Die prächtigste Marktseite bildete die aus der persischen Beute erbaute Perserhalle, die noch zu Pausanias’ Zeiten, zu Ende des 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr., in vollem Glanze dastand. Ein abgegrenzter und geebneter Raum des Marktes bildete den Choros, wo die Reigen zu Ehren Apolls von den Jünglingen der Spartaner aufgeführt wurden. Ohne Zweifel bildete die grosse Niederung südöstlich von der Burg den Markt Spartas. Dort ist noch jetzt ein von Ruinen freier Platz nachzuweisen, der von Mauern umgeben ist, die wahrscheinlich an die Stelle älterer Einfassungen getreten sind. Von da gegen Westen lag das grosse, aus weissem Marmor ausgeführte Theater, das sich an die Südseite der Akropolis lehnte. Vom Marktplatz liefen zwei Hauptstrassen aus, die reich mit Palästen der Könige, mit Tempeln, öffentlichen Gebäuden und Denkmälern besetzt waren. Pausanias erwähnt im Ganzen in flüchtiger Aufzählung in der Stadt Sparta überhaupt 45 Tempel, 22 öffentliche Gebäude, 23 Heroen-Monumente, die meisten aus der Zeit Lykurgs, ausserdem noch eine Menge von Grabmälern und Statuen, welche die Strassen und öffentlichen Plätze (worunter namentlich der Dromos mit zwei Gymnasien und der Platanistas, ein mit Platanen bepflanzter, mit einem Wassergraben umgebener und für die Kampfübungen der Epheben bestimmter Platz, hervorzuheben sind), zierten. Der Umfang der Stadt betrug 48 Stadien – 2 Stunden.
Unsere Abbildung zeigt uns links die Reste des Theaters, von dessen verfallenen Sitzstufen aus man noch jetzt einen grossartigen Ausblick geniesst.
Die beiden Flügel des Theaters, aus weissen Marmorquadern errichtet, stehen 139 Meter auseinander, der Durchmesser der Orchestra beträgt 38,8 Meter, so dass das Theater an Grösse nur dem von Athen und Megalopolis nachstand. Auf der Südseite in der Nähe des Flusses stehen die Ruinen eines kreisrunden Gebäudes, das ein für musikalische Aufführungen bestimmtes Theater des römischen Sparta gewesen sein mag.
Im Hintergrund erhebt sich der Taygetus, rechts sieht man Mistra auf seinem Felsenkegel sich erheben, und weiterhin den Pass von Langada, wo der Bergweg nach Messenien hinaufsteigt. Am Flusse selbst ist die wichtigste Ruine die Brücke über den Eurotas, die in verschiedenen Epochen wieder hergestellt worden zu sein scheint. Im Vordergrund erscheinen das Dörfchen Psichiko und die Anhöhen, auf denen sich jetzt Neu-Sparta anbaut.
Quelle: Album des klassischen Altertums: zur Anschauung für Jung und Alt besonders zum Gebrauch in Gelehrtenschulen von Hermann Rheinhard, Professor am K. Realgymnasium in Stuttgart. Verlegt von C.B. Griesbach Verlag, Gera 1891.
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world4.info 2020-09-11 12:12:00 2020-09-11 12:12:00 Sparta. Bedeutender griechischer Stadtstaat der Antike.
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